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For their helpful comments we thank Marco Basetto, Stephane Bonhomme, David Cutler, Ray Fair, Luigi Guiso, Gur Huberman, Erik Hurst, Ulrike Malmendier, Mitch Petersen, Rich Rosen, Timothy Salthouse, Fiona Scott Morton, Jesse Shapiro, William Sharpe, Paolo Sodini, Nick Souleles, Jon Zinman, and participants at the AEA meetings, the Bank of Spain, the Chicago Fed, the Federal Reserve Board, Princeton, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the NBER (Aging and Behavioral Economics groups), the Bank of the Netherlands, the Society of Actuaries, and the Yale Behavioral Economics conference. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not represent the policies or positions of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System or the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Laibson acknowledges financial support from the National Institute on Aging (R01-AG-1665). Gabaix and Laibson acknowledge support from the National Science Foundation (Human and Social Dynamics program).
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International Finance and Macroeconomics.Other early novelists include Samuel Richardson, who wrote the epistolary novels "Pamela" and "Clarissa," and Henry Fielding, who authored "Tom Jones." In typical Enlightenment fashion, many of these novels contain stock characters and the prose is unequivocal and logical nonetheless, they include a hint of the sentimental romance and concern with class that preoccupies the 19th century novel. Although debate ensues about which novel deserves credit as the first, many critics consider the English novel "Robinson Crusoe" by Daniel Defoe to be it. In addition to the nonfiction circulating during the Age of Reason, this era also gave birth to the modern-day novel. Political parties paid writers such as Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele and Matthew Prior to write pamphlets promoting party platforms and philosophies, disseminating many political and social ideologies this way. Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift and Voltaire all wrote widely read satirical essays, sometimes in the form of pamphlets - loosely put together pages typically containing political criticism or ideas - which became a widespread genre of literature during the 1700s. The concept of social justice and helping those less fortunate was developed strongly during this period when people lost confidence in divine intervention and providence. Writers during this era frequently employed satire to critique excessive power or other social injustices. Writers became concerned more with clarity of speech and standardized language, as opposed to their predecessors during the Renaissance, who explored language more creatively. Philosophers and writers became increasingly interested in Greek and Roman literature on rhetoric, logic and government, and authors such as Swift and Wheatley included many classical allusions in their writing.
#The age of reason plus#
Cependant, le public britannique, craignant un radicalisme politique augmenté à la suite de la Révolution française, le reçoit avec plus dhostilité. This revival of classical culture, called "neoclassicism," stemmed from the Enlightenment's fascination with reason, and manifested itself not only in poetry but also in the development of rhetoric and formal writing. Publié en trois parties, en 1794, 1795 et 1807, il jouit dun grand succès aux États-Unis, où il provoque un réveil déiste de courte durée. In keeping with the Enlightenment's emphasis on rationality, Wheatley and other poets typically incorporated formal rhyme schemes and rhythms in their work, such as rhyming couplets, as well as classical styles such as elegies and prologues. Anne Finch, the Countess of Winchelsea, and American slave and poet Phillis Wheatley also invoked reason in their poetic explorations of femininity and slavery, respectively. Pope asks early in the poem, "Say first, of God above, or man below, / What can we reason, but from what we know?", placing the ultimate authority for knowledge, even knowledge of God, on human reason. Many poets of the Enlightenment celebrated reason in their work, such as in Alexander Pope's "An Essay on Man," which denies divine intervention and declares the inherent goodness of nature, rather than some transcendent deity.